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Completed Research

Two of NVTC's continuing goals are to work closely with area transit providers to coordinate public transit in the region and to support a coordinated regional effort to improve air quality, conserve energy, and integrate land use and transportation. In order to further these goals, the commission advocates innovations in transportation. From alternative fuels to an integrated regional smartcard based fare system, NVTC is continuously looking for new solutions to improve the transportation system in Northern Virginia. The following links provide opportunities for transportation research related to NVTC's mission.

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NVTC Document Archive

Bibliography of NVTC Studies (This links to a complete list of studies).  As we add the complete file for each study, they will appear below in chronological order from newest to oldest.

Note: Please keep in mind that many of these PDFs are large files and may take a short time to open.  
Please be patient.

 

  • Public Transit Travel Instruction Program for Seniors
         This research report describes the planning, implementation and evaluation of a demonstration of public transit travel training for seniors in Northern Virginia.  The Northern Virginia Transportation Commission obtained grant funding from Virginia Department of Transportation to test some of the findings of the commission’s earlier study on senior mobility (Phase I).

     

  • Effectiveness of Free Bus Fares on Forecast Air Quality Code Orange, Red and Purple Days - Summer 2007 (October, 2007)
         This report evaluates the effectiveness of offering Northern Virginia commuters free bus fare on forecast Bad Air Days.  The program was expanded to include forecast Code Orange air quality days in the summer of 2007.  The on-board surveys show that approximately 4.4 percent and 3.2 percent of the bus riders on Code Orange Days in June and August, respectively, were automobile drivers on non Code Orange Days.

 

 

  • Project Report- SmarTrip Regional Rollout, NVTC (February, 2007)
         This is an interim report on lessons learned from implementing smart card technology as NVTC managed the acquisition of 484 new fareboxes for Northern Virginia’s local bus systems.  The report was prepared at the request of the Federal Transit Administration.  It contains a history of the project which dates to 1997.  Eventually over $6 million in state and federal grant funds were obtained by NVTC.  Among the lessons from the complex project were: smaller transit systems may not have the resources to operate a full-fledged, smart card-based fare collection system without a larger, regional partner; also, in a regional network total independence is impossible and all must adhere to some common policies to ensure that the regional system isn’t compromised.

 

  • Cooordinating Transportation Solutions in Northern Virginia- Best Practices and Lessons Learned, NVTC (September, 2006)
         In a PowerPoint presentation to a visiting delegation of elected officials from Gwinnett County, Georgia, the complex institutional architecture of the Washington Metropolitan region is described.  Commuting issues are discussed (congestion causes and cures).  Public transit’s success story is illustrated.  Funding issues are explained and solutions are offered.

  • Analysis of AM Peak Period Travel in Northern Virginia, MWCOG for VDOT/NVTC (June, 2006)
         Using a new methodology including detailed transit ridership counts compiled by NVTC, MWCOG completed its annual traffic counts for VDOT in September, 2005 at a screenline on I-66 inside the Beltway.  More than six out of 10 travelers are using transit or other multiple occupant vehicles.  MWCOG/VDOT/NVTC are continuing to use the new methods, having completed a count in September, 2006 at a screenline at Glebe Road on I-395 inside the Beltway and planning for another corridor outside the Beltway for September, 2007.

 

  • The Case for Increased Funding of Public Transportation in Northern Virginia, NVTC (December, 2005)
         This report, in PowerPoint format, compiles current data on transit ridership, needs and sources and uses of revenues.  It illustrates that transit riders and local governments shoulder a staggering funding burden while state and federal governments need to do more.  It argues for dedicated funding for WMATA.  It also reports survey data on transit’s popularity.  It documents congestion savings per transit trip of $5.33, air quality improvement valued at $3.68 per trip, fuel savings of $1.05 per trip and induced economic activity of $6.98 per trip.  NVTC’s per job state tax total is 65 percent greater than the average in other areas of the state.  In Northern Virginia, local sources (general funds, fares, NVTC/PRTC gas tax) covered 65% of almost $500 million annual transit costs compared to only 36% in the rest of the state.

     

  • Falls Church Bus Final Project Evaluation - September 2, 2005 (PDF)
    The Falls Church bus project is a demonstration in which NVTC, the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA), and the city of Falls Church are cooperating to reduce automobile vehicle miles and trips, cut pollution emissions, improve mobility and boost Metrorail ridership. The project uses exhaust gas recirculation filters for low-sulfur diesel-fueled 30-foot busses to cut emissions substantially, compared to conventional diesel buses. To learn more about alternative fuel technologies, visit the United States Office of Transportation Technologies web site.

  • Falls Church Bus Project- Final Project Evaluation, NVTC (July, 2005)
         NVTC began a demonstration project of fuel-efficient and environmentally friendly neighborhood bus service in Falls Church, Virginia, with organizational meetings in February, 1997.  Two false starts followed as vendors of hybrid-electric small bus technology failed to perform as promised.  Service eventually began in January, 2003 on a system christened GEORGE using more conventional diesel propulsion but testing new exhaust gas recirculation filters.  By April, 2005, Falls Church assumed financial responsibility for GEORGE and continues to contract with WMATA to operate the service.  The report includes an evaluation of the effectiveness of the exhaust filters in reducing emissions.  Other technologies tested include: automated passenger counters, automated voice enunciators, electronic display signs and automated vehicle monitoring and maintenance systems.

 

 

  • Annual Fiscal Year Transit Performance Reports, NVTC (2003- Present)
          
    Each year NVTC staff compiles data and publishes the results on the commission’s website from eight regional and local rail and bus systems serving Northern Virginia. Tables and charts are updated showing such performance measures as ridership, vehicle and passenger-miles and on-time performance. The data are primarily from reports submitted to the Federal Transit Administration for the National Transit Database. Annual ridership is generally available each November for the fiscal year ending June 30th. Average weekday ridership and other measures are usually available in the following January.

  • Measuring the Effectiveness of Free Bus Fares on Forecast Code Red Ozone Alert Days (PDF) (12/2003)
    This report shows the performance of free bus fares in attracting riders to transit on forecast air quality code red days.  A telephone survey showed relatively little impact and spotty ridership reporting by some transit systems make estimates of cost effectiveness (measured by reduced air pollution) very low for the early years of the program.  For the last two years, however, sharp improvements were reported.  A lack of forecast code red days in Summer, 2003 prevented the planned on-board surveys from being conducted.  They will be administered in Summer, 2004 with the resulted presented in a final report in December, 2004.

 

  • Performance of Transit ITS in Northern Virginia (PDF) (12/2003)
         The study was designed to document the results of transit technology projects and to develop a process to continually monitor performance of such projects.  Interviews were conducted with project managers and a customer survey was performed (14,000 surveys, 2,300 responses fro a 16 percent response rate).  On-time arrival was the most highly rated purpose (71 percent), with SmarTrip fair payment the most highly rated ITS application.  Criteria were proposed for NVTC to maintain a web based ITS performance evaluation database. 

 

  • Northern Virginia Annual Transportation Update (PDF) (10/2003)
         What was originally a transportation services coordination plan is now a comprehensive document full of transportation facts and information.  This year's document is the eighteenth version of the Annual Update and continues the tradition of providing information on the most important transportation and transit stories of the last year.

 

  • Northern Virginia Transit Funding Resource Guide (PDF) (8/2003)
         This resource guide describes the many sources of funds available to sponsors of transit projects at various levels of government and in the private sector.  The table of contents can serve as a checklist of alternative components of financial plans.  For many of the program funding sources, amounts of funds available are listed in the text, together with contacts (program administrators, web sites).  This report is meant to provide citizens and project planners a seismic map for mining for transit capital project gold.

 

  • Northern Virginia Transit Funding Resource Guide (PDF) (10/2001)
         This resource guide describes the many sources of funds available to sponsors of transit projects at various levels of government and in the private sector.  The table of contents can serve as a checklist of alternative components of financial plans.  For most of the sources, amounts available are indicated together with program administrators and web sites.  Over 50 federal and 30 state programs are described, plus many additional regional, local and project-specific sources.

 

  • Northern Virginia Annual Transportation Update (PDF) (10/2001)
         What was originally a transportation services coordination plan is now a comprehensive document full of transportation facts and information.  This year's document is the seventeenth version of the Annual Update and continues the tradition of providing information on the most important transportation and transit stories of the last year.

 

  • Rt. 1 Bus Study Executive Summary (PDF) (5/2001)
         This study closely examines the transit and pedestrian needs for the Rt. 1 Corridor and provides recommendations for the ongoing VDOT Center Line study.

  • Route 1 Corridor Bus Study (PDF) (5/2001)

     

  • Results of the On-Board Survey 
    (Fairfax Connector, DASH, CUE, Loudoun, and ART) (PDF) (4/2001)

    • Introduction

    • Features to Improve

    • Conclusion

    • Appendix 1

    • Appendix 2

    • Appendix 3
             Using methods developed for NVTC, the consultants administered on-board surveys to gather information from customers.  The results are useful for managing these several independent bus systems.  The results were also used by WMATA together with data from a compatible survey administered to the regional authority’s customers.  Findings of NVTC’s survey included detailed information about origins and destinations and high approval ratings for public transit (68 percent rated it good or very good).

     

  • Northern Virginia Annual Transportation Update (PDF) (10/2000)
         What was originally a transportation services coordination plan is now a comprehensive document full of transportation facts and information.  This year's document is the sixteenth version of the Annual Update and continues the tradition of providing information on the most important transportation and transit stories of the last year.

 

 

 

  • Dulles Corridor Rapid Transit Project Technology Implementation Plan (PDF) (12/1999)

    • Executive Summary

    • Background

    • Process

    • Coordination Concepts

    • Implementation Concepts

    • Monitor Concepts

    • Funding

    • Issues & Next Steps

    • Appendix
             The Technology Task Group, chaired by NVTC’s executive director, recommended four concept packages of technological investments (universal electronic payment, safety/security, traveler information, operations/service response).  For each component of each package, required funding for capital and operations was specified together with the phases of the Dulles Rapid Transit project during which the investments should be made and the level of benefits to be expected.  A total of 45 components were described in the four concept packages.  

 

  • Northern Virginia Annual Transportation Update (PDF) (10/1999)
         This fifteenth in the series of Transportation Service Coordination Plans (TSCP) of the Northern Virginia Transportation Commission reviews the issues that shape the region as well as the institutional and legislative settings within which transportation policies and programs are planned and implemented.  (Supplement to October, 1998 Update)

 

  • Mode Share Comparisons for Northern Virginia Major Transportation Corridors (PDF) (9/1999)
         In the 1999 report, using data from periodic traffic counts performed by the Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments on two cordon lines (Beltway in 1998 and Core in 1996), NVTC staff reported shares of inbound commuters in several major commuting corridors (I-95/395, I-66, VA 267 Dulles Toll Road, and U.S. Route 1).  Transit shares ranged from 14 to 60 percent and HOV shares from 25 to 40 percent.  When measured in corridors in which major transit and ridesharing investments have been made, transit/ridesharing performance is strong.  For the 2000 report, more recent data from MWCOG’s 1999 Metro Core Cordon Count and the 1999 HOV performance report were used, together with the 1998 Beltway cordon report.  

 

  • Development Plans for the Collection of National Transit Data and Transit Management Information (PDF) (7/1999)

    • Section 1

    • Section 2

    • Section 3

    • Appendix A - D

    • Appendix E & F

    • Appendix G
             The report provides two separate transit performance data collection plans.  First, plans are given to collect data to enable Northern Virginia’s transit systems to file reports to the National Transit Database.  This will generate additional federal formula funds for WMATA.  Sampling plans and estimation techniques are provided for this purpose.  The second work plan focuses on collecting ridership information needed by transit managers to increase transit efficiency.

     

  • Institutional Forms and Financial Mechanisms Facilitating Successful Public Transit Enterprises - Lessons From Japan and Hong Kong (PDF) (6/1999)
         This report focuses on institutional and financial lessons from a study mission to Japan and Hong Kong in which 21 transit systems, agencies and firms were visited in Kobe, Osaka, Nagoya and Tokyo, Japan and 10 in Hong Kong.  Both countries display high transit use and vigorous leverage of land use and transit.  Among the lessons for the U.S. are: 1) Methods for accelerated transit project planning and implementation; 2) Region-wide electronic fare payment using smartcards; 3) Transit safety features such as platform screen doors; 4) Customer service innovations; 5) Aggressive joint development by transit agencies; 6) Deregulation and competition among transit providers; and 7) Emphasis on new technology

 

  • Northern Virginia Annual Transportation Update (PDF) (9/1998)
         This fourteenth in the series of Transportation Service Coordination Plans (TSCP) of the Northern Virginia Transportation Commission reviews the issues that shape the region as well as the institutional and legislative settings within which transportation policies and programs are planned and implemented

 

 

  • Transit Service Coordination Plan (PDF) (10/1997)
         This thirteenth in the series of Transportation Service Coordination Plans (TSCP) of the Northern Virginia Transportation Commission reviews the issues that shape the region as well as the institutional and legislative settings within which transportation policies and programs are planned and implemented

 

  • Transit Service Coordination Plan (PDF) (9/1996)
         This twelfth in the series of Transportation Service Coordination Plans (TSCP) of the Northern Virginia Transportation Commission reviews the institutional and legislative settings within which transportation policies and programs are planned and implemented in Northern Virginia.

 

  • New Start Handbook - Tips and Resources for Planning and Implementing a Successful Commuter Rail Enterprise (PDF) (3/1996)

    • Report
             The handbook compiles information from experts at existing commuter rail systems in the U.S. and Canada to describe where and why commuter rail can be the best commuting alternative.  Ideas are given on how to plan a new system, with lessons on implementation and suggestions on how to create the capacity for growth.  Benchmark data are shown for existing systems and references are made to files of operating and access contracts maintained by the American Public Transportation Association.  Many of the experiences of VRE are documented in this report.

  • Transit Service Coordination Plan (PDF) (9/1995)
         This eleventh in the series of reports on the Transportation Service Coordination Plans (TSCP) of the Northern Virginia Transportation Commission reviews the institutional and legislative settings within which transportation policies and programs are planned and implemented in Northern Virginia.

  • Investment Analysis - Virginia Railway Express Versus Equivalent Highway Capacity (PDF) (4/1995)
         This analysis compares the cost of constructing and operating the Virginia Railway Express, a commuter railroad in Northern Virginia, to the cost of constructing an equivalent lane of Interstate highway in the I-66 and I-95 corridors in which VRE operates, and operating enough automobiles in those lanes to serve the same number of peak period commuters as are projected to use VRE during Fiscal Year 1996.  The analysis demonstrates that at present levels of operation, between 1992 (VRE’s start-up year) and 2012, VRE will cost $264 million less to build, maintain, and operate than would the lanes of Interstate.  While VRE is not a substitute for all highway construction and cannot solve all of the region’s commuting problems, the railway was and continues to be a very sound investment decision by the citizens of Northern Virginia.  

  • Fiscal Impact of Metrorail On The Commonwealth of Virginia (PDF) (11/1994)

     

  • Discussion Paper: Service and Finance Plan for initial Dulles Corridor Express Buses to Loudoun County in Fiscal Year 1995 (PDF) (10/1994)
         This paper examines the cost and service issues of adding a bus service to Loudoun County.

 

  • Study of Coordinating and Integrating NVA Interjurisdictional Bus Routes (PDF) (10/1994)
         The report describes how bus services in Northern Virginia could be better integrated and coordinated, especially those routes serving interjurisdictional travel.  Other factors were addressed such as garage facilities, characteristics of the bus fleets, potential us of private operators, suitability of public information and potential improvements to fare structures.  An additional study element was to investigate opportunities for new bus services in Loudoun County.  An executive summary describes the study process and highlights study results and recommendations while the main body of the report describes data collection and analysis

 

  • Transit Service Coordination Plan (PDF) (10/1994)
         This tenth in the series of reports on the Transportation Service Coordination Plans (TSCP) of the Northern Virginia Transportation Commission reviews the institutional and legislative settings within which transportation policies and programs are planned and implemented in Northern Virginia.

 

 

 

  • Transportation Service Coordination Plan (PDF) (9/1992)
         This eighth in the series of reports on the Transportation Service Coordination Plans (TSCP) of the Northern Virginia Transportation Commission reviews the institutional and legislative settings within which transportation policies and programs are planned and implemented in Northern Virginia.

 

 

 

  • Transit Service Coordination Plan (PDF) (9/1990)
         This sixth annual report on the transit service coordination planning activities of the Northern Virginia Transportation  Commission (NVTC) describes regional and local initiatives to improving commuting alternatives despite increasing budget pressures.

 

  • A Study of Financial Resources for Transportation in Northern Virginia: Final Report (PDF) (1/1990)

    • Executive Summary

    • Technical Report

    • Appendix A

    • Appendix B

    • Appendix C

    • Appendix D

    • Appendix E
             Using the Northern Virginia Sub-Regional Transportation Plan (released in January, 1989), over $10 billion is needed in 1988 dollars over the next 20 years for transit and highway improvements, with only $2.75 billion of funds available.  Transit is short $2.4 billion for capital and $2.0 billion for operations.  Total sources in 1988 were $528 million, including 34.7 percent local (11.4 percent Metrorail fares).  The commonwealth provided 42.1 percent and the federal government provided 23.2 percent.  Of the $490 million of transportation-related revenues paid to the commonwealth by Northern Virginia residents, two-thirds was returned, included 75 percent of motor fuels taxes.  About half of the federal motor fuels taxes came back to the region.  Several alternative funding sources were evaluated to help meet the shortfall.
      Describes in detail the sources and methods used to complete the analysis and reach the conclusions.  Estimates by jurisdiction are provided.

     

  • Transit Service Coordination Plan (PDF) (9/1989)
         This report on the transit service coordination planning activities of the Northern Virginia Transportation Commission addresses current and future coordination efforts into several categories, including planning, financing, marketing, and institutional changes.  It also describes the diverse transit and ridesharing services provided by regional, local, and private operators.

 

 

  • Market Study of Commuter Bus Alternatives in Northern Virginia (PDF) (4/1988)

    • Part 1

    • Part 2
             This report examines the features that commuters consider constituting “luxury” bus service and develops demand estimates in three Northern Virginia corridors.  Surveys and simulations were used to estimate a market of 175-200 inbound daily riders in the Route 7 corridor, 500-800 in the I-66 corridor and 1,750-2,250 in the I-95 corridor.  In all the corridors, reliable, on-time, fast service was valued much more highly than luxury attributes such as highback seats, restrooms, newspapers and luggage racks.

 

  • Patronage and Revenue Forecasts for the Virginia Railway Express (PDF) (5/1987)
         At a time when VRE was still viewed as a two-year experiment, existing 1984 patronage forecasts based on an Alexandria--versus downtown D.C.—terminus needed to be updated.  Estimates based on both constrained and unconstrained parking were produced using a travel demand model chain that forecast 2005 ridership of 10,100 and 8,500, respectively.

 

 

  • Coordinated Transit Information Services Project (PDF) (11/1987)
         At the time there was no unified source of information for transit customers.  These customers needed a prior source of knowledge about which bus system to call to request facts about routes, schedules and fares.  The report examines alternatives for providing such a single point of contact, together with cost estimates.  For example, a new system for Northern Virginia would cost $62,000 to set up and $115,000 annually for operations.  Cost sharing factors were proposed for each participating transit system.  Ultimately expanding the existing WMATA system to include local transit system information was selected as the preferred alternative.

 

 

  • Late - Night Taxi Feeder Services - To Metrorail in Northern Virginia (PDF) (8/1986)
         The Northern Virginia Transportation Commission designed and implemented a demonstration of taxi feeder services to Metrorail to explore cost-effective transit strategies during periods of low demand.  The Subway Shuttle Taxi (SST) service operated in two suburban communities with different operating procedures and subsidy requirements.  The SST proved to be an effective technique for increasing mobility during non-peak hours without incurring major subsidy costs.  This paper describes the advantages and disadvantages of the two approaches to taxi feeder services.  The economics, operations and management of the SST project are reviewed including observations on publicly contracted private transit services.  

 

  • Transit Demand Analysis for Fairfax County and Falls Church, SG Associates, Inc. and Robert Hitlin Research Associates, Inc. (June, 1986)
     
         In June, 1986 the Orange Line of the Washington, D.C. Metrorail system opened four new stations, including the terminal station in Vienna (Fairfax County) and two stations serving Falls Church.  Falls Church wished to analyze a small bus, community based peak-hour feeder service.  Fairfax County, under contract with WMATA, intended to operate a fixed route commuter service from the community of Centreville, about ten miles from the terminal rail station.

    The survey process involved leaving a specially designed form on the front door of each household in each of the two communities.  Two days later the completed forms, again hung on the front door, were picked up.  A 22 percent response rate was obtained.  A small telephone survey of non-respondents was conducted to determine if any response bias existed.  Probable transit demand was estimated from the responses.

    Ridership estimated for the proposed services showed performance ratios similar to other existing rail feeder services.  Since the survey data were tabulated at the block level it was also possible to use the demand estimates for detailed route planning.

     

     

  • Fiscal Impact of Metrorail on The Commonwealth of Virginia (PDF) (11/1985)

    • Report

    • Appendix A

    • Appendix B

    • Appendix C

    • Executive Summary
             The purpose is to assess the benefits that accrue to the commonwealth through development, which creates jobs, incomes and sales that generate tax revenues.  From the start of service in 1978 through 1995 the study forecasts $660 million in additional state tax revenues with an excess over state investments in Metrorail of $284 million for an internal rate of return of 13 percent per year.  Quotes from developers are included testifying that they would not have made their investments in the way they did if Metrorail did not exist.

      Describes in detail the conservative methodology used (not relying on generous multipliers).  Lists actual and anticipated development and related jobs, incomes and taxes by Virginia Metrorail station area.

     

  • West Falls Church Metrorail Station - Park and Ride Project (PDF) (11/1985)
         NVTC began an experimental express bus service and carpool staging area in May 1984 at a new parking lot located at the site of the inactive Metrorail station at West Falls Church.  Bus service continued until June, 1986 when Metrorail service began.  Ridership reached an average of 200 per day on the new Metrobus Route 66X with 16 peak hour bus trips and the service helped to establish the “transit habit” prior to the opening of Metrorail.  The relatively inaccessible location of the lot discouraged the formation of new carpools there.

 

 

 

  • NVTC Experimental Ridesharing Project 1982 - 1983 (PDF) (8/1984)
         The report describes the results of a federal grant-funded project designed to promote the use of HOV, improve the performance of ride-matching services, experiment with public education techniques and identify transportation systems management techniques.  Lessons included difficulty getting direct access to private employees, low effectiveness of license plate surveys followed up with mailings and radio ads and high effectiveness of educating media representatives that I-66 is well used.  Existing government-sponsored ridematching programs were found to be very effective.

  • Paratransit Alternatives to Off-peak Bus Service (PDF) (6/1978)

    • Introduction

    • Section I

    • Section II

    • Section III

    • Section IV

    • Section V

    • Section VI

    • Appendices
             The study provides an overview of potential paratransit systems, in terms of innovations, legality and possible areas for implementation.  Tysons Corner was determined to be the best area for initial implementation but Springfield and Old Town, Alexandria were two other areas that held promise.  The action plan called for services first in Vienna and then expanded to McLean and later to Falls Church.  Jitney loops would connect to linehaul Metrobus routes.  A lunchtime shuttle would serve the Tysons Corner area.  Funding would come from savings due to reduced service on Metrobus Route 5W.  Total costs were estimated at $76,000 annually.

     

  • Northern Virginia Transportation Technical Study (PDF) (9/1977)

    • Report

    • Appendix
             The report combined several analyses of potential bus improvements in Northern Virginia, including priority bus movements and parking in two major corridors: Lee Highway and Route 1.

     

  • Analysis of Preferential Bus Treatment on Arlington Boulevard and Columbia Pike (PDF) (4/1977)
         Route 50 between Seven Corners and the Potomac River was determined to be the better candidate for such improvements, because congestion on Columbia Pike had benefited from the Shirley Highway express bus demonstration.  Several alternatives for Route 50 were considered, including contra-flow lanes and upgraded shoulders as new bus lanes.  Public hearings were held and bus lanes ere constructed on the shoulders with an adjacent bike path.  Results of improved operations for buses are shown in an Appendix.

 

  • The Operation and Management of the Shirley Highway Express Bus-On-Freeway Demonstration Project (PDF) (9/1976)
         In September 1970, UMTA approved a demonstration grant to the Northern Virginia Transportation Commission (NVTC) to design and implement transit service on an 11 mile exclusive busway from suburban Virginia to downtown Washington, D.C.  The grant also called for development of fringe parking lots to serve the exclusive lanes.  The success of the project both in terms of ridership and fare box revenues has been widely recognized in the transit industry.  This document reports on the project from the viewpoint of the project sponsor.  Thus, the report contains information which in all probability could not be obtained from other sources and which would not ordinarily be reported in any technical evaluation of the project.  Also included in the report are some of the marketing and merchandising activities that contributed to the public’s awareness and acceptance of the express lane concept.

 

 

 

 
 
 
 

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